Running Head: Eye-tracking in Chimpanzees and Humans 1
نویسندگان
چکیده
20 Previous studies comparing eye movements between humans and their closest relatives, 21 chimpanzees, have revealed similarities and differences between the species in terms of 22 where individuals fixate their gaze during free viewing of a naturalistic scene, including 23 social stimuli (e.g. body and face). However, those results were somewhat confounded 24 by the fact that gaze behavior is influenced by low-level stimulus properties (e.g., color 25 and form), and by high-level processes such as social sensitivity and knowledge about 26 the scene. Given the known perceptual and cognitive similarities between chimpanzees 27 and humans, it is expected that such low-level effects do not play a critical role in 28 explaining the high-level similarities and differences between the species. However, 29 there is no quantitative evidence to support this assumption. To estimate the effect of 30 local stimulus saliency on such eye-movement patterns, this study used a 31 well-established bottom-up saliency model. In addition, to elucidate the cues that the 32 viewers use to guide their gaze, we presented scenes in which we had manipulated 33 various stimulus properties. As expected, the saliency model did not fully predict the 34 fixation patterns actually observed in chimpanzees and humans. In addition, both 35 species used multiple cues to fixate socially significant areas such as the face. There 36 was no evidence suggesting any differences between chimpanzees and humans in their 37 responses to low-level saliency. Therefore, this study found a substantial amount of 38 similarity in the perceptual mechanisms underlying gaze guidance in chimpanzees and 39 humans, and thereby offers a foundation for direct comparisons between them. 40
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